It is a term invented by Jeannette Wing in about
2006. Computational thinking involves solving problems and designing
systems by drawing on the concepts of computer science. Computational
thinking is thinking recursively, it is parallel processing, it is
interpreting data as code and code as data, it is typechecking,
aliasing, using abstraction and decomposition, heuristic reasoning, and
using or avoiding redundancy.
The
full article.
The exercises above are intended to test some aspects of mathematical
and computational thinking without assuming too much specific
knowledge. But I don't think they are ideal for that purpose. If
someone knows of better exercises for testing mathematical and
computational thinking skills, I'd love to be told.