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MM . . .. . _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Artificial Intelligence - The Dream - * Dreams in science and technology * Calculators and the computer * Understanding the mind * Welcome to the machine - Science fiction _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Dreams in Science and Technology * Flying, Travel to other planets/solar systems, * Immortality, health, superhuman power, * Understanding the physical structure of the universe, * Utopia, a just, peaceful, wealthy society * Build machines that do the work for us * Understanding ourselves, our origins, our thinking, our wishes _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Calculators - Schickard, Pascal, Leibniz 1 1 1 1 10 10 111 11 1 1 1 11 11111101 11 11 1 11 111 1 11 01 11 01 0110 10 1 011110 11111 11111 1 1 11 1 11 11 11 111 111111 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1011010111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110 010100111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 01111011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 1010011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111011101011011111111 11111 111 101001111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 1 1111111010000000 1 01101111111111111111111111111111111111011111111111111111111111111110110011000000000000000101111111 001111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110001000000000000000011111111 1 101111111111111111111111110000100000000000000011111111 0111100000000000000000010111111 011111111 Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635) Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) The dream of the automation of computation - partly realised 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0 1 0 1 10 11101111 1 1 01 1 1 111 0 10011011 1 0 0 111 0 111 1 1 01 0 11 0 1 101 1110 11 11 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 101 10 1 0 11 011 10 0 11 1101 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 01 11 11 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 100 111 1 111 111 1 1 1111110 1 1 1 11 001 1111 0 1 1101 1 1 110 1 1 0001 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 00 10 1 111110 0110 01 1111 11 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 001 101110 1 1 011 1 1 1 11 11 1 1001 1111 111 11 11111 1 0 1 1 1 001 1 0 1 111 1 1 11 1111 11 11 11 1 11 11 11 1 1 11 11 1 111 01 11 1 11 11 01 10 1 1 1 1 11 1 10111 1 0 1 11 11 11 1 1 1 1 111 1 01 1 11 1 0 0 1 11 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 000 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1111 1 1 0 0 0 0 0100 11 1 0 01 0 1 11 111101 1 1 11 01 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 0 1 1 11 11 111110 010 1 01 1 101 11 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 01 11 11 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 11 11 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 11 1111 1 0 11 1 1 0 0 0 01 11 1 0 11 1 1 1 11 0 1 1 1 11111 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 011 11 111 11 1 001 11 1 1 1 0 1 1 11100111 01 01 1 0 1 1 10101 1 1 1 11 1 11 111 1 1 0 0 11 11 1 11 0 0 1 1 11 11 1000 11 1111 11 1 1 11 1 11 111 111111 111111 0 1 001 11 1 1 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 1111 1 00 1 111 11110111110 1 101 0 1 1 1 011111 111 1 111 111 1 1 1 0 1 1 111 1 1 110 100111010 11001 11 1 11 011 11 0 11 111 1 1 1 11 1 0 1 0 01 1 1 0 11 000001 1 01 1 0001 0 11 1 11110001 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 1011 1000 1 0111 11 0 111110000101 00 1 1 1 1 1 11 0 110100 100 1 0 0011 11 1010 1 1 1 1 1 11 0 00010000111000 1110 111 111 11 1 0 1 1 1 11 100 0 101111010101 1 10 01000 0 0 11 0 1 0 1 11 1 10011001100000001 1 01111 010 100 00 01 0 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1001 1 1 11 111111 0 001 01 0 11 1 1 0 1 0 0110 01 10001 1 10 10000 1 0 1 11 1 0 0 10000001 11 11110111 0011001 10 0 1 0 1 1 11 1 010 1 1 1 1 111 1 1011 0 10 11 0 1 1 1 101 1 01 1 1 0 10010 101 101111101 1 1 1 1 1000111000 11110 101011 1 1 000 010001 1 1 1 1000000000101001 111 0101110110000111 1000 011 11 010011 01 11 11110 0111 1 11100 1 11 1 111 00 1 11101 1 11010001 1 1101 0100 1 1 1 1 01 0 111 1 111111001 01011 1 1010 11111 11 1 001 10000000001 111100 1111 0000010011 1 1 11 0 10 0 101 11111 001011 11111011001011111 1 11 0 1 0000 1 100010110110 100101101 1110 1 1 0 1 01 1 00010 1 111101 1 11100111000 0011 1 11 1 11 0 1 01001 0000111 0 00111101100010 0 0 11 1 1 1001 1 1 0 111 101 00110011101000 0 1 1110 1 111 000 1 1 11 1111111001 110001001 01110 1111 00 10000 101 0 01 10010110001001100111 0011111 0 10 1 01 11100000 1 01 0 10 0000000000000111101 11110010 0 11 01 1011110011111 001 110 1 01 1 10 1110000000111111000011110 11 1 1 1 11111 111001 111100000 0 0 10 0 00 0000000 1 10001 11011 100001 1 110 111111011 1111101 0 11 10 01 101 01 11111111 111110010 1 1000 1101111111 10011 10 01 10 0 01 00 000100 011111110000 1 10 11 1101110 1110 101 101000 0 11 11 00 0010001110 001010001 011101 11 01101 1 10000 0 10 0 0 0 0 000110001100001 0 11 111111 1 111000110000 0 0 11 00 01 100 1 10 00 1100110001 0011111 000 0011111111001 1 0 0 11 1101 0 1 01 1 000 00 00001 1111 100100111011010 111100 00 01 101 0 0 0 10 0 100 1 10 11 11 1 1 1 11 000010111011 000 011000000 000 11 0 11 00 10 0 000 10011010011 111 1 1 110000010111111 111 00011 1111100 0 100 00 1 001 1100 0 00 00001 11 000000000 111 000000110110100101101001 1001110 000 1 01 10110 11011 100 11 0 001110100 11000 0101 01 110000011111 010 1 111 111110111 10010 01 11 1011 0001 00 10 01 00000 0 100 1 1 1111 001000 1 01110 0010 0 1001100001 0 101 101 000001 10 011 11011110 1 100011 1111 000011 0 011110111111 111101 0 00111 11 0001101 00 010 0 01001000 1101 0 0001 1 1111 111110010 01 10 1 1 0111 10 1 0 00 01100 1 011 1 1 1 10 001 110 1011111 1 1 111101 00 0 1011 11 110 10011 1 010 011 1 1 1001 0100 1101 111 111111111111 1 11 111 1 1 00 0 01 1011 1 0 1 11 11 1 01010 0000011 11101 0 111 11 1 1 110 101 1 1111 111 1 1 1 111010 111 01 1000001001 1 11 11 1 100 1001 100011 1 111 1 11 11 101 1 011 11101 0 1 1 00 0 1 10011 11 11 1 110100 11 00 001111101 1 100 001 1001 11 111 1 001 11 10 0 1 000 1 0 1 110 0 101 11 1 1 1 1 100110 1 1 1 1 00 01 1 01 1 0 1101 010110 101 11 1 11 1 011 10 11 1 1 10 100 10 0 111 11 110 0 111 1 11 11 1 11 1 1 01 1 11 1 00011 01 11100 1 1 10 00111 101 1 1 1 11 101 00 1 100000000011 1 0 11 11 1100 110 00 10 1111 11 11101 101 001 000010101 1 001000 1 0 011 1111 1 01111101110 0 1110 0 1111 111111 111 10 01 1 11111 111100111 Robert Fludd (1574-1637): Universe as a mixture of opposite principals (like light and darkness, sympathy and antipathy) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Understanding the Mind 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011 0 111000000000000111 11000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000011 1000000000 01 1000001 1000001 0 00001 10000 0 10000 11 1 00001 0 0001 11111 10001 0 000 11 001 0 01 00 0 00 110000000000000000000000000000000000001 00 0 00 1000000001 0 10 0 1000011 10 0 01 00000 0 11101 1100 010 1 111 11 00010000 10 10 10001 1111000 001 01 10 010000000000000 0 0 001 10 00 001 0 10000110 1000011 1 000001 100 10 0 000 0 1100 001 00 100 100 0 00 00 01 0 1111 11 01 000 00 101 00 00 0 000 01 011011000 100 00 0001 01 0 001 00 0 001 0 10 0 1 1 01 11 011 0 01001100 10 00 1 1 00 0100 000001010010 0 00 1 0 101 0101 0 0000100 111000110001 0 100001 0 10 1001 1101 1 1 1 101 1 1001 01 01 100 10 11 1 0 111 1100 1 101000111 11111111000000000000101 111 1 0 1 0 0 1011 0 110 1010011 00 01000011 100000000000000111111 1 10 0 1000 111 10 10 01 000 111000 0 010000 1000001 00 0 1 11000010 10 1 001 0 011 00110 000001 10 0 1 0 1001 10 00 10001 0 1 10001 01 0 1 10 10 10 01001 0000000 10000 100 0 0 0 10 00110 101 11 00001 00 0 0 0 0 10 0 10 1 00 10000100 00 0 0 0 0 01 001 1 1 01 0 1 1011 00 0 0 10 0 100 00 11 0 00 1 00 11001 00 00000000010 11 101 00 100 10 1 1011 111 1111 1 1 1111 00 10001 0 101 0000 0 00 00 0111 000 11 11 01 1111 1 1 10 101 100 1011 0 1100 01 0 0110 1 110 11 11111 1 00 111 111 01 1 0 1011 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 11 11 1111 101 1 00 00001 011 1001 0 000 00 00 0 00 11111 10 101 11 000 0 0 10 1 0 00 00 001 001 1 111 1 01 01 011 000 0 01 0 011 10 0 100 01 1 11 11 1 1 00 001 001 000100000011 0 11 100 01 011 1 1 1 00 11 111 00 1 000110000 1 1 1 0 00 00 01 0 1111111 1 1 101 1110 1 100000 111 0000 0 1 00 00 0 11 10 11 1 1 1 100 11 11000 0000000000 00010 11 01110 000 101 00 00 0 1 11 101 100 1 1 0 100000 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 01000 000001 100 10 1 11 11 11 100 01 00 1 10 0001 01111 0100 0 000 0 000 01000101010 00 10 1 100000000 1 1 1 00 10 0 001101 101001 11011 100 0 00 10 0 01 11 11 01 0 110 011 001000001 1110 01 00 101 0 10 111 111 0011110000011 11101 1 0 00 000 0111 01 0 0001 111 11 1 10100101 01 00 00 0 1 01 0 10 1 1 11 1 01 100 0 10 0001 00010 11 101 111 1001 10 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 1 1111011 111 101 100000011 0 101 00 01 111 0 00 1 1 1 11 1 1000 01 01 0 00 00 00 0 0 11 0 11 101 011 01000 1 00 101 0 0111 00 00 0 0 00 1 01 1 10 100 1 111000001 0 0 000010 10 00 10 0 0 1 01 1 1 100111 10 00 0000111111 0 0 0000 0 1 0 00 00 0 11 000 00 1 11 100 1 11 01 11 01 01100 0 11 0 100 00 00 0 101110111 1111 11000 0111 100 110000 000 0 0 00 0 1 011 1 01 110 1 111 1 1 11 01 0 11 1 0 1 1 00111 0 1 100 01 0 1000 000 10011111 11 111010 111 10 0 11 0 10 1000000000 1 00 0 0 1 0 1 11 11 111 0001 111 1110001 110111 1 1 10 0 1 0 00 01 1 00010 00 11 111011 1011 11 11 111 1011 11111 0 0 10 00 00 11 1101111 110011 11111 1 1 01 1111 10001 01 0 100 0 1 1 1 1 1 01 1111111111 11 1011111 100 111 101 1111 1 00 01 1111 1 1 111 101 11 11 010 1 001 101 100001 11000110110000000 1 00 10 1 11 11 11 111 1011010 11 11 1 1 10 000111 100 00 1 0 00 10 11 1 1 1 11 1111 111 1 1 1111 00 11 0 0000 100111 00 1111000 0 1 00 0 1 1111 11 111111111 01111 10 0 0 0 10001 1000 0100 1 00 1001100 11 1 111 1 1 1 11 1111 1 0 0 11 001 1000100001 1 00 10 10 11 1 0 111 1 1 1 1011 0 0 01 01 10 00 01 00 0 011 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 11 000 0 00 00 11 1101 00 00 10 00 111 1 1 1 1 1 01 11 101 001 00000 1 00 01 001 11 1 1 11111 11 1 1 01 0 00000001 100 10 001 0 1 110111 1 11 0011 0 100 10 00 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 101 00 100 00 00 1111 1 1 110001 111 1 001 1 01 00 00 1 11 11 11 000001 10110 1 00 1 1000 00 11 1 1 11 10000 11 111101000 0 1 0 101 11 1 1 100001 1101 10 0 10 101 1 1 1 110011 00 101 0 10 00 1 1 1111 1 0000011 1 11000 00 0 Ventricle theory of 1524, First attempts to locate cognitive abilities in regions of the brain. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Understanding the Mind (Cont'd) 100000000 00000 01000 0 11 00 0 1 001 11001 000 00 10 1010001 00 0011 1 11 100 00 1101 00 00 1 01 0 0 110010 1 00 100 11 0 00000 0 00 100 100 100 1100110 010 0110 00 0000000 1 1001 01 1 1 00 001 00100110 10 100 11 00 0 110 1001 00000000000 110 0000 000 010 1011 000 11010001 011 111 10 000000 11100000 010 00 0011 01 1000 100001 1000 0000 000101 000 0000 00 0011 0001 1000 10 0000000 11 1001 00 01 00000100 000 00 0 1 1111001 00 00 0 1 0 00 0 0 1 1 0 0 0110111 00 0 0 10 101 01 0 0 101010 0 00 0 0011 00 00 0 0 11 010 1 001 0 0 11 0001010 00 00 0110 0001 10 00 0 00 0 0000100 1 00 0 00111 0 0000000 00 0 01 010 01 0 00010 00 1111 0 01 0 00011 001101011 11 00 0 01 000 0 0 111111 11 00 0 100 00 0 00 1 0 0 10 111 0 000000 0 00000010 01 1 10 0 001 1 1 0 1 00001 10 00 0 00 0010 0 000010 01 0 0 00 0 01 10000 0 00 0 10 0 01 0 100011 01 00 00 10 1111111 0 0 01 0 0 001 00 0 1010001 01 01 0 01 0 100 0011 00 0000 100 0 01 00 01 111 0 0 1 100 111 000000 10000 111 00 1 00 1011000 01 0 0 01 11111110 000000000011 101 0 00 1010001 01 00 00 1 000000 1 11011 1 1 1 001 0 00001 0 0001 0 0 0000 1 11 11 111111 111 111 0 1 0 0100110100 00001 00101 0 101 10 0 0000011 101110 11 1 111 11 1 10 0 0001 0010 1 0001 0 0100 1 01010 0 0 0000000000110101010 001000 00 0100 1 1000 0000 0 000 0 010 0 0 1001 000000000000010000000000 000 010 1000 000 0 1 11 0 100 0 0 0 0001001 1 10 0 00 110010 0 00 1 0 10 1000 1 00 001 0 0 00 00 11 111 00 00010 1 010 11010 0 11 10 110100 1 0 0 01010 01 00 00111 01 001 0 0 0 011011 11 00111011 0 0 00011 10000100 11 0 10100 010 10 0 0 110 0 00 1000 0 00100 1 1000 00000000000000 0000 00 010 0 10 000 1 0001 1 00 0 0 01 01 0 0 01001 01 11 01 01 0 1111 01 00 11 10 1 0 1 0 0 101 1 010 1 011110 0 01 01 011100100000000000100 101 1 10 0 00 00 01 0 0 0 0 110 101 0101 00100 11 10110111 00000 1 011 1 1100 11 00 0 00 00 01 01 0 01 01110 10 10 100 111100 00 1 01 1 00000 000 11 0 00 00 0 0 010 1 01000 10 00 00 0 1 1100 1 1 110000000 1 10000 00 00 01 0 01 1 0 000 1 1 100 00 0 1 1 1110 000000000000000000001 00 0 1 0100110101 10010000100 00100 00 001000 10 0 11 00 0 110 101 000000110 1 1 0 11 101 00 00 10100 0 000 10000 11011111 0 000000 11 100 000 110 011 11 1 1 1 000 1001 0001 011 1 01000001000000 1 00000 1 René Descartes' (1596-1650) description in "Traité de l'Homme" to explain reflex actions. The long fiber running from the foot to the cavity in the head is pulled by the heat and releases a fluid that makes the muscles contract. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Understanding the Mind (Cont'd) 0 1 11111 10 01 0 10 01 11 0 101000000100010001 11101 11 1101 010 1 1 101 110 1 111 111100010 1101111 1 1 0 11 10000 10011 01 0 1 00 001 0101 00111 10 01 100 1 00 01 101 1 11 101 0100011101 00001 1 1 0 01 00 00 0011 10 1 1 11011 1 100011 000 100 1 11 1 1 110 0111 0 1 11 1101 1010 001011 11 0 001 0011 001 111 1 1 100 0110011 011 1 001 100 10 101 1 1 1 0 010 101100 0000001 100 1 1 100 1 00101 010 00 0 00 101 1 1 1 11 1 00 11 00 1 0 1 1 01101000 00001100 1 110 1 0 0001011 1 1 1 1 11 1011 010000 11 111 010 010 111 001 11 000100 00 100 0 1 10 1 11 0 1111001 01 010100 1 1 11 1 00011110 1 00 11 001 0 0 11 0 1100 0001 11 11 11 1 0 000 1 00 10 1 1001 1 01 1100 100001 0100 11 01 1 1 000110010 01000 1 01 10 1100 1 1 01 01100000 001 111 101 0 00 1 00000111100 11 11 111 1 00 0101 0 0 0101100 10 0001000001 111 00001 000 1 11 110000011 1 1 101 01 0 101010001 1010 0111100001011 0 100 00 10 00 1010000111 00 00 01001 11 00000011001 0 1 001 00 0 110 0 0 00 0 1001100 001 111 001 1100 0001 001 00 11101 100010 0 00 01 1100001 0 1000 0 0 100101 1 01 111 110000 00001001 10 01 101 00 001100 1100 10 1001 100 0 10 11 11 101 110 0 0100 0 1100 1 0 001 0 001000 0000110001 1 1001 1 1 000 1 100 011 000000000 101 0 0 1 10 0001 10 100110000001110 1 101 1 0 1 11 1101 10000000001 11 10001 0000111 100 0011 10000111 10100 00001 1100 1 0000 1 00 1001 00111111 100 0 1 1 100 00001 110000110 1000 100001 0001 1 100011 001 1000 01 0101 0000000001 1101 1 00 01 101001 001 0 10111 1110000000000001 1 0 11111101 1011 01111 0 110 1 1 1 11 011 0 1 1 1 Phrenology, localisation of mental functions in the brain Introduced by Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) picture from his disciple Johann Kaspar Spurzheim (1776-1832) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Intelligent Machines - Fakes Speech 11111 1 1 01000001000000111000100000000000000000000000000 1 1000000000000000000000000000000 1000000000000000000 0000000000000000 00011 10001000000 001 1 0 00100 100 10 000000000000000000001 1 11100010000 1 11011110 00 1 1 1100001 1 001010 110010001 11000000000 001001 1 000000010000 1 11 1 11 1 101 0010101 11100011 0 0 0 1 1111 0 10001 00 000 000 000001000 10001001111 1 110000111 1 1000011111 0000000000 10000 000 0 0000000111100000 1110000000001000000011 11100000000000000001000 00000 0000000000001 0001 0 000 100000 000000000000000000000000000011 0 00000000010101 00 101101000 0010011 0 01111 1 0 01101 00 0 1 000 10 1 000000000000011000010 01011000 00110 00001011 1101 000 01101 0101011100 01000000010001001000 01000 1 00 0 0 000000000000001100000010 01 01 11 0010 00 1000000101 01100 01 0 0000 00 00 11110 0 001001 01 00100 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0011 10 01 0 0 000 100 0 11000 000000000000000000 00 00000 11 000 10010000110 1111111 1000 010100100000 0000 0 0000 0000 01 000000000000000000000000001000000 010 0 00100100000000100 100000 0 1 0 0 1 00000 00 0110010000000000000000 001 01 00000000000 0000000 0000 10 00000 001 100000 0 00000001110100000 11100011000 111 0 00000000000000 000001 00000 001 10000000000 1 1001 100 0 1000000000000010000 0 11100000000000000000 000000 01011 00 111100100000 011111 00000000 001 000 0000 101 0 10000011 00001 11 1000000000 100001 0 001 10 1 0 010 10000 00001 01001 11 000000100 1 1 000 1 100000 0 001000000000 100000000010 00000 00 101 0 101 010 1 010110010 1 100 0 110 0 11 1 1000000000010 1 000000 0000010 100000000 1 1000000000000110 1 000000000001 1 11 1011101110 0 10 000 1 100011000000001 01 1000000000000 1 0000000000000 0 00100000000001 1 10010 001101 00000 1 00000000001 0 1 0 100 10 001 1 10001 1 01 1 0 11 101 0 1 00001 00001 00000010 000 1 1001000 01 000 111100 0000 00 00 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 00 00 1 1000 000000 0 1 000000000111 00000001 000 000 100000100000 000 10000000 00 00 1 010001 0001 000100000000000 00000000 00 01 0100000000001 11 1100000000 111 0011 01000001 1 1001 1 0 0 10 00 0 000000 1 1 0001 1011 0 1 11000 0 01 0 11 011 000000 1 11 000 Dream: Build intelligent machines that can speak! 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Kempelen's chess playing Turk (1768) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Predicting the Future 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 111 1 1 1 11 101 1 10100 110111111 111100111 11 11 11 01 11 1111 1111 11 11 1 10 0 01 1 01 0001 010 10100 00 01101101 0100 10111 10110000001 1001100 00100000100 0011000100000 1 111 1 10 0 0000 01 010 1 0100 01 0100 00 0 0 10101 011 0 00 1 10 000 1 0 1 01 0 00 010 111 10111111 1000 0 0011 0 1 0 0101 0100 00 0 0 10 1 0 1 0000 0110 1 000 0 0110 0 001 0 1 1 11 00 010110 01 0011010110 001100 01 0 01 0 00 10 0 101001 1 000 00 1001101 0010 0 1010 1 11 001 1 10001 11 1 111 11 000 111 1 101111 111 101 0111 11 11 10001111010000000000110000000010111111011100001100000011110111011100011100100011100000011110111111100 111 111 10 111111111111111111111 11 1111111111 111111 1 11 0 1 10 00111110100000000000000010001000000100001000000000000000000000000000000010011010000000000000000 0 1111111 10 011100000100011111011 1111101 11111111111111111111111011111111111111001100111111111111111111100 0 1 1 1 10 1001110000101111111110110111 11111111001000011 111111111111111111111111011110011011 0111 11110 0 111 101 10 01111111110111111110111111101001111110010000111000010000100111011110101111100101111011111110000 0 1 10 111110000111111110111111100110111100000001111111110001111111011100000011000011000111 1011011110 0 1 10 11110011 1101110111110011101110010001100 10000111111100110111111111111101011111000011011111100 0 1 1 10 00011111000100001110000101100010000111010 11111 111000011 111111111111110101110111010111100 0 1 001 101 10 10101010000000000111110101000001 1 1 101111111111101 0 111011110111101011111111011 11110110 0 11 1 11 111 11101011111001111011101 1111110000111 11 0 0000000 01111110011110010000011111111111 0 01 100111111011101100000001011000000111 1 1 1 00011 111 0011111111111100101111011110111 10 11 01 1010100110110111000011110001 11 1111111111111 100001000111 011 11111001111111111 1100 00 10 11 101 01 11111011010000110111111111 1 1010 111 1 1111 10111111011100101110111011011110100 10 1 1 01 1111101111110111010111 1111 1011 111 111 11 11100 100 111 10111111111110111001 10 11 1 01 10101110000 11100110010001 1 1 11 11 11100 10111111 111 111111 1111101 10 111 01 10010111000100100 000001 1 1 1111111 1 1 11111001001101101011111011111010000001 10 11 11 01 11 1111100011000011 11 1 1 11111 1 1 11111 11101000 111101111010110001111101 00 0 1011111111011111100001111 1 1 1111 1 11111 111111001 111111001110001111110101 01 01 111001 1101111010011 1 1 1 11111 11 11111101100 110111 10111111100000001 01 11 01 01111110010111110111 11 111 1 1111 1 111 10011000011111110000111000111101 01 01 11 01 11110011111111110 01 00101 111 11 111 1111 101 01 11 111011111111111100111110100001 01 01 0011111011101101011 0100 000111 11111 1100000000000 1 10000000000100 11111111 1 1100111 11101 01 01 01111111111011100111 11 00111 1 11 1101 11 1 0000 100101001111101110111111000001101 01 11 0 001101101111111011 111 1 1 111 101 1 11 1000000 111 00111000000110011 1110111 10101111111101 01 101 11 1 0 1011110101110011100010111110101 11 11 0111 11 011 111001100011111111010111111111100 0 0 1011111110101001111011 101 001 1111001 11 101111001 11001011100101 10010111 01001 0 0 00 00 111110111111000000111110000111 1111 001 00111111001111001111011110101 0 11 0 00 1110011 00111111111111100001 111111 1 111 0011 1100111111111111111111111111001 0 101 10111 0 1010111111100110011001110 100 11101 111 1 1111111 100 1100 1111111 110010000011111101 0 0 10111110101110011111110100 01 1111 111 1 11 0 11 1001 1000111111111011111111111111000 0 1 0 10111111111110001000111110001 11111111 111111 100101010000110001111111110111110011111000001 0 11 0 0000000100101 011000010011000011001111111 1 1 111000000000 1101111111111111 11101111101 0 11 101 0 1001111011100110111001111011110000011 1 1 11 111 1 000000000 111111111111111110010001100 0 0 1011111111000000010011010110001010111 111111000000000010001100010111111110111111110101 11000 0 1 0 10100110011110111111111111011 110011 11 11 11 011001101 11111101111111111111000000 0 1 0 10011011101011111110011110111 1 0110011111 11111 11100011001000101111111 11011111111011110 0 11 1111 101 0 10101111 111100000111110111 0010110011111 1100000000011111000 111111111010000011 1111110 0 0 100111010011 10000111001 11110001 11000001 1111 00100001 0111101011011111111111111110 0 0 100111 110110000010001111110000111 1100001 1100100 0111111110010010001111100000 0 1 1 0 110011111101000111001 1111110000101111 10001111 0001001 10110011111111010101001111000 0 11 101 0 10011111111100010101101100 11010111 110100000001111000000000 000111000001101011111110011110 0 0 110100100111111111100 01100 1 0 1111011 1000000000000000111 1000011111101011011100000011110 0 0 110100111110010001110111110 1 01011 11 101 1000000 10 10000011111111111000111111011100 10 1 1 0 110111111110111111010011110 0 001101 1111 1000 100 100000011100011111111101111011100 0 1 11 101 11 0 1001000111111010011100 01101 0 001101 111111 1001000 101 0000000001101110110000000001001000 10 1 0 101111000110011111010 11100 01001100011 11101101 10 101 100000000001111111000111111001101110 10 1 0 1011111101100000111101 0100 0000111111 1 1111 1 101 1000000001000000011111111010011101100 10 11 1 0 1011110000100111101110 11101 0000001 11 1111 00 00000001110000000000000011111110010110 10 1 11 101 10 10111111111100111111001 11001 1000001 1001111 10 100000110000000000000000000111111100000 10 1 10 100111111111101110000001 111 1100111 0 0110 111111101 1000011000000111111110000000000001111110 00 11 10 1111100111111100000000000 1 11 00 1 1 1 101 1000000001101100011011111000000000000111 10 111 1 10 1110001111000000000000101 10 0 01111 101 1000 101 1000001000000001110111101111110000000001 10 111 101 11 0 1101 1000000000000001 0 000 11 111 00011 010100 11000011100000011110110111111100110001000 00 11 0 11110000000000110001101 0000110101 101 101 00110 100011100000000100011101000111111100100000 00 10 10000000101111000000 00110 01 101 11 11 11 01 0000 00000000000010000101100000000101100000 10 1 0 000000010110000000001 0011101 00001 11 1 00 000 1000000001000000000000000100111010000000 10 11 01 10 00100011111010001 0 1111 011 0 1 0 1 1111 1001100000000000000000000000000000100000000000 00 11 10 0000001110000001101 11111100011 001 11100 10011000000000000000100000000000000001000000000 00 10 000000101000000100 10111110100110 011 00010 10010000000000000001 00000000000010000000000000 00 11 10 000000001000000 1 11111100010110100 01 1 1100000000001110000011 00000000100000000000000000 00 11 1011 10 0000000000000000001111111000 0110001 1 110 110000000000011 1010000000 10000100000000000 00 1 11 10 001000000000000001 11111100001 11 1 01 01 0000001100000000000000101 0001 000000100000000000 00 00 0000000000000011 11111 100000011 1 010 0 1000001 00000000101101 111111111000000000000001000 00 1111 00 00000000000000 0 1111 110101 1 110010 10001 1001 10001 001 11110100 1000000000000000000 00 11 111 01 000000000000001110111001101001 1001 01000 10001 0000000 111001 100111110111 10000000000000000 00 11 111 01 000000000000000100 00011001000 11101 010 101 0000000000 100101110 00010000011 1110000001 010 00 1 01 00 1 100 1110000 010 100100100001 10 0 000000000000000 100011 1 00110 111000000 1111000 1 0 01 11 01 00000 0001 000 000 011 100 1110000 1011000001000000001 111110011011100101000000 1001 000 000 01 11 11 1 01 0000 0000 000 001 0011100 1111100100 0 000011110000001 1001 100000000011000000 1000 001 100 01 1 1 01 000001 00 1000 001010111000 10001110001010011000000000110000100010000 01100010100 000 1000000 01 1 01 000000 10 1000 00101 1110111 0000111100 01000000000000000000001111101 001011 00000 111 0000000 01 11 0 000000 0 1000 00011101100110 11101 111 0000000000000000000001 11 1000000101 110000001 0000100 0 11 11111 0 000000 0 000 01101101100 111 11111111100000000000000000000 1000001100000000 00000000 10001100 01 11 1 1 0 00 001 000 00 1000100111001 00 110111101010011001 110 110 1000000000 000000000000000 00001000 01 0 0001 1000001 10000010010001110111011101100 001100 000 00001110000000010000000000000110000001000 01 11 1 0 00000000000000000000001000 11010100001000000100 000101000000000000000000000000000000000000000 01 11 111 11 0 11 11 1 1 1 11 11 111 1111 111 11 11111 0 0100010000100000000000000001000000111100000000010000000110000011001111110000000000000000000000000000 0 1 1 1 11 11 1 0 11 10 1 1 001 11 001 01 101 00 1 00 001100 0001001 0 11 0 00 1100 01 01 01 0001 01 10001 0 11 10 1 11 1 1 00 1 00001 00001 01 1 10100 00 10 10 0 10 00000000 001100 00000101 0001 00000 0000001 1 1 1 1 0 10 1 1 111 11 11 1 1 1 0 1 11 101 10 1 1 1 11 1 11 00 01 00 0101 01 000 00 101 0 1 10 1 1 11110 01 010 10110 01 0 0 0 10 0 10 1 0110 111 0010 110 1 101 11 111 01 0 1 11 1111 1 1 10 00100001110010010111 11 11 1 11111 1 11 1 00100 1111 0 1 10 11 101 1111111111111110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 101 1000 0001 0111 1010 10101 111111 101011 11101 1111 1111 1110 1010 1111 1111 1111 1 1 11 1111 1111 1101 111 110 1111 101 111 101 101 101 1 1 111 111 111 11 1111 Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827) Laplace's Demon Build a super-human intelligence which is able to compute all of the world (past, present, and future) if only it knows for a single point in time the positions and speeds of all particles in the universe. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Science Fiction - Building Companions 11 011010 10111110111111110111100111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101 1011 1001110010111111001000110001111111001111011011111011111111111111101111111111010111010111111011011001011011101001111 111 01011000111101100111111111 1100101101111111011111110111111111011111111111101111111111111111110111111110010111111001 100 0100001101001111011100111 001010110111111111111111111111111111101111111111101111111111111011011111100011110111100 100 0001101111111101110101111 000000010000011111111111111111111111101111111111111111111011111101111011111111011111100101 010001110111001111111011110110 11010 011101111111111111111111111111111111111111111111010111111111101111101001101101 10 0111010111111110011111111110 100100 01111111111111111101111111111111 111111111111111111110111111111110111101111001 0100 011111111111111111010100000000010000011101111111111111111011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111011111 10 10 111111110111110111 11110111011101110011111111 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111011111111111011111111111111 1011010001111101111111101111100010010000100 11111111111111111111111111111111111111 1111001111111111111 11111111101111 10100101011101111011101 1111110111100110001100111111111 11111111111 11 1111111111111111111 11111111111111011111111111001 0110 011111110111111111 1111 0000001001001 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11111111111101 011011111011 1 00000100101100100000100001110000011100001101100 0001 01101 001 001 1011001 00 101 01 1111111111 100110 11101 1000010010011100100100000 0 10 0 0 0 10111001000010101000001110111010000100010101001001101111011111 00110 11111110000110011010010011110111 01 1011011100000000110110111000001101110110110010010100111001100011001100100001 01010 011100001101000000 001111100110010000110001001100110000010110011100100001100110011100111000011101101100101100111 01110 01000001111111 00111101111111101111111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111110111111111111001 01101101011111111111001001111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101111111111011111111111101111101 00000 01000000000000000000000000001000000000000000100010000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000 1 1 Karel Capek (1890-1938), robota = forced labour. Build intelligent machines that can work for you! Asimov's Robot Laws: 1. A robot must not harm a human being or allow by inactiveness that a human being is harmed. 2. A robot must obey to orders given by a human being unless the execution of the order is in conflict with law 1. 3. A robot must protect its own existence, unless this is in conflict with laws 1 or 2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ AI = Build Machines that Behave as in the Movies 111 11 11 111 1 1111111111 111 1 0 010100 111110101111 11 0000000000000001 11 1000000000000000000000 11 01000000000010 1000000000000 11 00000000000 10000000000 11 000000000 10 00 1000000101 11 0000001 11 001 10 000000 11 100 0010 00 0 010000001 11 00000 10 1 0 1000000000 11 1000001 101 0 10 1 000 00 11 100000 0 01 11 0001 01 11 1 0 01 0000000 11 000000 100 0 1 0000001 11 000000 0 11 001 0000001 11 00000 1 11 00 000001 11 10000 0 0 1 1 10 1 000001 11 00000 0 011 1 10 000 00000 11 01 0 00001 1 0 01 00000001000000000 11 00 01 1 1001 00 101 11 1 00 0 10000 0 111 00 00 0 0 111 01 0 0 111 0011 1 0 10 00 111 1 1 1 0 0 111 1 0 1 100 0001 10 011 111 1 0 1 1 000000 111 0 0 1 0 000011 011000 11 10 001100000000000 1001 00 11 0 110 00 0 100000010001 11 1 00 10100 00100101010 11 1 0 0011100000 11 01 0001000 11 0 111110 0001 1 00 11 00 1000000000000000110 00 11 00 10001 0 00 01 00 11 00 101 00 1 00 11 00 0 11 001 1 1 0 01101 000 01 11 1 000 100100 00 01 00 000 011111 11 00 0001 001 10 001 0 1 01 0100 000000001111 000000000 11 00000000 10 0000 00110 00 0 1 00 11101 1111 00 0 0000000000000 11 1000000000001001 01 00 000100 0 11 0 000000 00100000 11000 0 0000 1 100000 11 00000 10000000 001 1 000000 11 0 1 1000 0 000000000 1000001 10 0 0000 11 000 00111 100011 1000000001000001 00 0 10 11 0 000 11 0010011 01 00100 11 00 000 0 0000000000 00000 0 11 0 0 0000000 00010 00000000 1 100000001 11 00 010 001 1 010 000000000000 00000 001 111 0 0 10110 0 11 1110000 11 0 00 0 11 11 0100 100 110001 10 1001101100001 00 0 00 10 1 0 0 00000000000 0 00 10000010 000 1 1 1 1 0 00 0 00000 00011000 0 001000 1 10 00001 011100 100 1 00 00 01 0 110001 0 00000100100010100 110 0 01 001 1 0 0 0000011100011 1 10100010 000 1 10 0 1 1 0 00 0 0 10 10000 10011100 0000000 1 10 10101 00 0 00 10 11101 110 0 0000100 10 01100 00 00 0 00 0 01 0 00 01 00 0 0 1 1 0 0 10 0 1 0 000000 0 1 01 1 00 0 1 01110 000101 000 0000 11000 10 000001 1 1 0010 00010 100 1 11 1 000 0100000000 1 100 00 001 010 001000 1 01 11100 1 010001 1 00100 00000 00100000000000100 00110011 1 1 1 11 00 10000101 000 00 00100000 0 00100000 1 000010 000000001100000000000 0001 10 0 001100000 000100000001 00 00000001 01 001 00 1 010 00 0000000 001000000000000 11 011 1 1 100000 001001101000000101000001 0 00000000 1 1000 000 100 001 11 0 0000 0 10 1 0 10000 110 01 00000000000010000000 0 1 10 1000 1 00 0 001 10000 10 00 0 000 11 0 00 10000001 00 1 1000000000010000 0 0001101 1 1010010 10 1100111 011 000011 111 0000001 110 0 00100 00000010100000 1 1 000000 1 1 00 1 0000 1 0 00001100 11 0 110000 0 0 000 1010 1 0 11 00000001 101 01 0 000000 00 1 11 000 0 0 100 000000011 1 1000 00000 0 1 11 00110 00000010001 1 001100 00 1 000 00 10 1 1 00 1 1001 1 11 000001 0100000110100 11 01 00000000 01 10 0011 1 000 0 1 0 10 0 00 010010 1 00000 1 00 1 11 0 1 00010 011000000 00 000 00 1 01 1 1 00000 00100 00 1 101 0 0000 1 1 11111 0011001000000010 001 001 1 0000 00 01 10 010100000 1100000 0 0001 1 10101100 000000000 1 1 0000000 1 0 00000 0 0 00100 01 0 001 0110 1 0 0 10 10 00 00100000000000 00001 1 001 0100000 010 1 1 0000 11 001001 11 1 1 1 00000000000000001 100 1 10 0 1 00001 011 00000 1 1101 0 1 0010 0 00 00110000000000000000000 01100 1 1 0 10000 0 100000 1 00 1 0 0 1 10 1 11 01000000000 000001 00100 1 0 01 010001100 10000001 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 00000000000000011000010 0001 1 00 1 00000 0 0 0000001 0 00 1 1 1 000000000000000100000000 11 1 1 01 00 0000000 0010001 0 0 1 101100 11 0 111111 0 1 11 1101000100000010010 0 00000 1 100000 000000 000000010 10101 0 1 111 0 0 0 00000010000000000000000010 0 1011 1 10 1 1 10000000 1010 0 0010 000 00 10 0 01 11 100001100111 000000000000000000 0 1000 1 0010 0000001 00 0 0 10100000 1 1 1 0000000000100000000000000000000 10110 1 110 000000000000 000000001 1000000100 0 1 1010000000000000000000000000 100000 1 000000 0 000000001 1 01 11100000001 0 001 0 1 000 0000001 10 00100000000000001 1000000 1 000000000000000000000 000000000 1000011 1 1 000000000000000000000000 00000111 10 01000 1 110001 000010000000000000 10111 00 1 10 11 1 10 1 0010000000000000000000000001001 1 00 1 000 00010000000000000000001 0100010000000011 1 1 01 00 100000000000000000000000000000000000001 ii .i..;X..;;. ii:,:B r S;:;:;i: ri.: ;,:,::,::,.:i .7.. ii . i. .,. .,::.,i: : r ,i. .;..;:r;X:i r;i ,,,,,78 MM;:SWZiW8SWWaMM@MMMMZ: XMMMZZ8W8MMaMBM@WMMMMMMMMMM@0@0@M@MMMM8W2@MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMBWaMWMMM8MMM20a2Xar07MMM8XMM@MM@MM M@rXZBWZM@2;Zir0Z2aSM W MW0W7SS8XM0SZiWZXa88BZ0aa8@8:r:;M0ZZB2Xri8MZB0880B0Z8000ZSWX7ZiMZX0770BSX8W@0W2@Xa@MBrXB0Z8WMM WX iXii2WrXM8aM8aZ8SM8., 80MZ8Z8i@ZSaXMZa00Z@8WB800WrX2SBZ8ZBS,i:ZBZZ8B0Z8Za0008S;M77@7B8088ZZM2:;,i:i ; 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1111 111 11 10101 00 01 0100001110111110001010111 111 1 1 1 1 0000 1 0001000000000000001 11 11 101 111 1 11 1 1 11 110 00 10 000000000001010000110101 111 1 1111 11 1 10111 00000000000000000001 1 101 1101 1 1 11 1 101111000 100 0000010110000011011001011010 11111111 1111 10110 101 1 0101001 10 1 11100001 1 111 1100 10110 101 0001010110001011110010000011 11111111 1 1100111111 11 1 001100 1 1 1 111 1 11 10110 10100 100000000000001101000110100001011 Metropolis 2001 (HAL) Star Wars (R2-D2) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Literature books-shelf1.jpg] * Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis, Nils J. Nilsson, Morgan Kaufmann 1998. * Artificial Intelligence - A Modern Approach, Stuart Russell & Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall, 2nd edition. * Artificial Intelligence, 3rd Edition, Patrick Henry Winston, Addison-Wesley, 1992. * Artificial Intelligence, 2nd Edition, Elaine Rich & Kevin Knight, McGraw Hill 1991. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Artificial Intelligence - The Roots - * Logic * Philosophy * Computation * Biology/Neuroscience * Psychology * ... _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Logic ... .... ........... .. .. ................. ................. ......... . ......... ... .............. .......... ................. .. .. .... ........ ... . ...... .... . . . ... ........ ......... .. . . ............. . .. . .... .. ........ . ......... . . . ... ... ... ....... . ..... ..... ..... .. . . ,iSSSa7Xr77;77;;i ............ . . . ..... ... ..................... . rr8ZZMM8B@@0XaX8Z0B8ZMBMWMMM2r. .................... .. ...... .... ... .... .. .... .iXBMMMMMZZWBMW@MMBr,i7X0SX; . ,;77;rWMMMMM@@2: ............... :,:, ...... . ... .. ........... . ...... :SMM@8Z0ZZ;2:7B0aW XZ 8SrSS2Sa8SXr:;: .;28Sir8MMM@X ......,.,............... .. . ... .. ... .. ........ ;Mrii8M@Ba WaWMB7 W,XS 72rB87282aXaXi7rXSS77X7rSW@ar;2@WMM8B: .............. ......... . .... ... .... . ,M82aM@X: ;M72Wi ;W2 ;0MWMi aBai ;SZr7Xi;2XiS;;::2ir027;;S2B2@2r . .. ........ ... . ,, ..... . ....... .Wai:0a2:. 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XM@aBS27X22ZZXZ8W@MMMMMMMW ...,....... .,,......... .......... ..................................... ....,..... :WMMMMMMMMMMMM@ZS;i, ........,..,,..... .........,,,......... ....... ........ ................. ......,......... .....................,........... .......... ..............................................................,........................................ .... ........... Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Codify different styles of deductive reasoning by so-called syllogisms, e.g. Modus Ponens A A -> B -------- ------------- ------------- B Read: For any statements A and B holds: if A is true and A implies B is true then B is true. Or more concretely: It's raining If it's raining then the street gets wet -------- ------------- ------------- The street gets wet _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Idea of the Mechanisation of Logic 1 000011 1110 00000 1 0000 10000 1 1101 000 11 001 0001 0000 11 00000 00 00000 11 1 0100 1000 11 000 00 1 1 1 100 0000 1 1 0000 0000 001 1 01 100001 1 101 1000000000 11000001 10001 0000000000000000000000 1101 00001 000 1 0100 000 1111000000000 1 1100111 00001 010000 01 10 1000000010 110000 1000 000000 1000 000100 1 100000 01 00 1 110000100000000 0000 0000 110001 0 1 000000 10000 000011 1 00 1000 1000 00 00000 1 000000 10 00000 00000001 0011 11 0100 00001 0 11000000000 11 11 11 1000 1 001 1000 01000001 00 1 1 0 1011 0100 000 1 0000000 1 00 00000000000 0000 111 00000 0 001100000001 11 100100000011 00010000 0 00 00 00110100011 00 110000100 0001 0010 0 00001 0 00001101 10 00 1 00010 00 0 011 000000 00011 0 0000001001 00 00 1 000000001101010 0001 1111 00 1 011 110 00110000001001 00 0 00000010000 00 00 00 1 0000 000000100 100000 00001001 1010 01 001 0000 00 1 0000 100000 1 000000000001 1 00 0000000000 1 0 00000000 0 00 11 0000 0011 1 01 0 0000 00 1 1 1 1 10 11100000 0000000 00000 00 0000 1 0010 0001 1 000000 100 000000 0000000 00 000 0100 01100000000010 111 0010 011 01 00 000 00 1000 1 00 10 0000 000000 0000 10 0 1 000000 11 00 11 0010 00 1 1001000000 0000 00000 1 0100 100 0010 1 00 0000 01 101 0010001001 11100 1 100000 01111111110 11 0 1 00 1 00 000 0 0000 00 101 1 00 1 1000 0000100011 1010 0000 00 1 1001 00 1 00 1 10 11000 1 0100 01 10000000 1 00 00 10000 10 11 101 00 100010 00 1 11 01 000000 1 0100 1 000001 1 00 10 00 1 00 110100 1 01 0000 1 00 0000 0000 00 00000 1 1 1 0000 1100000 00 001 0 11 1000 0000000000000000000 01 11 00 1 001 0000 001 00 00001 1 1 1001 100 00 0000 110000 1 00 1011 00 000000 0 0000000 1000 1 0000 00 0011001 1 01 0000 1 0000 10 00 11 101 0000000011 01 0000 0000 11 111 1 0001 0001 01 1 0100 01 0000 11 0001 0000 1 10001 0000 1 0 0000 1011 1 0001 00000000000001 0100 1010 1 00 01 10 1 1 00 0 00 0000 1 0000 000000 01000011 001 11 0 000100 1 1000 00 01 10 1 0010000001100 00 00000 00000 01111 10 00 111 1 001 00 0010000 01101001 00 1 000011010 11111101 0 10000 11 00 0011 111000000 1000 0000000 00 0001 001 1 00111 1 00 00 0 0000 0000 00001100 00 01 1000 00 100000 00001 01 10000000 0011 00 01 0001 0 01 100 00 00 1 0 000010 01 1000 0011 001 00 0000000 0000 100 0011 000001 0 00 100 00 00 00001 0010000 0110 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 100 0 00 000001 11 00 00 11 0000 0 001 0000 1000000000000001111 1 01 1000 00 10 00 01 1 1 1000 1000 1000 00 0 000000 0 00 00000 00 00 0 100 00 000000 000 11 00000011 000000 0000011 000 00000010000 0000 01 10 000000 00 00 100 101 000001 11000000000000010 101 00 001001 00 1 00 000 00 00 1110 00 00 10 1 0001 11000000000000010 00000 001 00 00 0000 00 00 1110 1 10 0 1 11 000000000001 00 00 01 0010 00 00 00 11 0000 10 100 1 11 1 0100000 00 01 10 00 01 00 00 0000 0011 110 110110010 00 1 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 111011 0 1 1 11 01 1000 00 101 10 01 00 00 00 00 10 00000001 0000 00 1 00 10 1 00 00 00 00 000 0001000000000 111111111 10 11 1000001 00 1 00 0 11 01 00 00 00 110 1 00000 100000000000000000000 10000000001 100000 0 00 10001 01 00 00 00 11110 00 00000 0 00 000 0000000001100 100010001 0 000100 001 0 00 010001 0 0001 1000 00000000 00000 00000000000 00 000001000000 000000000 00 1101 00 00 1 110 00 0000000 0000 00 0000 00000000000 00000 00 01 00 00 11 00 1 0 00000 11 000000 10 00 00 0000 001 100000000 110000 0000 00 01 001 00 01 100 1000 00 0001 0100 11 00 00 000000111 1 0 00 10 00 0000 00 00 00 00 0000000 1101 00000000 10011 1 11 100011 0100 00 00 1 10 00 00 0 00 00 01 0 1 0011 11110111 1 11 11000010 1 11 101 00 1 10 10 1101 001 1 10 00 00110 000 01 000000 1 10 0000 00 10011 1100 00 00000 00 00 0000010 100 1 1 00000000 101 0000 00 01 00 00 00 101 10 00 00 01 1000 1 11 00001011 10 0000 0 00 100 101 00 00 00 0 10 00 101 0010 000000000000 000000 001000 0 00 00 01 00 10 00 01 00 11 0000000001 01 0001 1 0000 1 01 1 00 00 00 00 00 01 1 00 0 0000 0000 01 00 1 1001 000000 00 01 0000 1 100000000000000000000000000000000000100000010000000000000100 10 0000 01 0000 0001 0000 100 0000000000000000000001 10000000000001 000000000000001000000000000 1 0100 100 1110 1 0000 0100 00000001 1001 000 00 1 000 00 00 0000 00 111 0000 1 00001 00001 1 00 00 00 101 00 1 00 101 00 00 0001 1 0001 110001 11 0000 000100100000 00 00 00 10 10 01111 1 0001 1 110001 000001 1 0000 10001100001111 11110010 00 10 0011 100001 0000 01000 1 010011 000001 1 0000 1 101 0011 000000 0111 10 00 00 01 1 0000 1 000 11 0000 1100 1 000010 1 11 1 0000 0000 10 00 00 0000 1 000 110010 1 11 0000 1 0000 0 0000 00 10 0000 1001000 0000 00 1101 0000 1000 000 110000000000000000011 1100 1 001 0011000000 000000000000011 00001 1100000 1 00001 11 0000 00 00 0 00001 10 0001 01 00100 1 0000011 000 0000 0 000001 1 101 11 0000001 000000 1010 1 0000 0000 1 1 000000 00 00 000001 00000 00 01 01 01 00001 000010 111 1 0001 00 00 10001 0000010 0 000000 0000000000 0000 1 0000 1 00 101 1 100110 01110000 01 01 00000 01100 1 001 110000 0100 11000000001 01 0001 0000 001 00000000 1 101 010 11 1000011 0 0000 1 0000 0001 110000111 110010 00 1 1010 1 0 1 111000011 0001 11 1100 1 1000010011111 11 00 1100 101100 1 1 10 0 Raimundus Lullus (1235-1316) Ars Magna: Try to build a machine which can answer all questions, in form of wheels like: 1000000000000000000000001 0000001 11000000 00001 0 1 10000 100011 0 10 0 100 0000 0 0 00 11 1 10001 00001 00 0 00 110110 010 000 00 000 10000 001 0 000 001 00 0 10 10001 0011 100 0 11110011111 100 010 1001 0011 01 000 11 000000001 1000000001 0 00110 0 1001 001 00 01101 10001 0000 1000 10 0 01 1001 0011 10 0 001 0 0010 0 1000 1001 00 1 000 101 0 10 0 0001 01 00 0 0 1000 0 0 0 111 000 00 00 1010 001 0 11 0 00 00000 110 01 0 00 100 1000001 00011100000010 00 1 111 001 101 00 1 01 0 1001 001 100000 1 000 00110 00 0011 001 101 10 10 10 0011 001 1000 1000001 0 0001 000 0 01 101 0001000 000 00 1000 00 0010 0 1001 0 1 1 1 0 01 1111 0 1 01 000 100 0000 00 1 00001 11110000000001010011000010111100000 10 01 0 0000 010 000 01 00 000 100 00 0 1 1 0 11 000010 01 00000 110 101 00 0 0 1 1101 000 0 0 0 11 000 111 011 00 0 001 0 100 01 1 1001 00 0 1 0 0001 1000 0 0 00001 100 11 11 0 00 000 1000 0 101 001 0000 0 1001 01 0 0 1 00101 0 1000 0101 01 00 100 0 1 0 0 1000 01 01 0 10 0 0 01 1000 10 0 0010 0010 010000 1110 0 100 0 0 0000 01 00000 010 011 11011 10 01 01 1 0 0 01 11000 101010001 01 0110 10 01 0 1 00 101 0 001 0 00 0 001 01 0 101100 1 0 00 00101 0 01 0 01 10 00 00 110 0 1 0 00 0 1 100 0 01001 000 001 10100010 001 0 0 01 0 00 0 0010 0 0 1 00 0 1000 100 0000000000 10 00000 0 10 0 10 0 00000 10 0110 00 01 01 1 1 001 0 01 10 001 001 01 0 0 100 0 1 0 000 0 1 10 0 1 10 0 0 1 0 011101 0 0 11 00 0001 0 0 1110000 0001 0 0 00000 10 01 10 0 100000 00001 1010001000100010 001 0000000001000000 00000 1 0 0 1011 10 01 010 10 01 01 11001 00 0 1 0 0 0 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111011 100001100011 0 01 10 010 1 01 01 1 00 00 0 11 0 10 1 01 01 001101 1 10 1000 00 11 00 01 0 0 01000 000 1011 01 0 110 000 0 00 10 10 01 00 00101 0 0 0 0 1000 01 001 1000 01 00 0 000 01 1011 0 00 000 0 0000 0 0001 0 1000 00 00 011 00 01 001 0 10000 1 011000 11 001 10 10 01 010 0 10000000000000000110 010000 01 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 01 11 01 10 0 00 00 01 100000 0 10 0000 0010 000 001010 0 0 011000 0 100 111 01000011 11 0 001100 0 011 00 1100000 1 0 00101 1111 00 0 10 0001 0 1101 1001 0 11000 0 00 0 0 01010000101 0 1001 10000 1 000 1 010 1 0 011 0 10001 110000 1 000011 0000000000000000001 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Regulae ad directionem ingenii 11 1000000000000010101011 1 10000000010010000000001000000000001 1 1000000100000000001000000011000100100000000000 000000000000001000000000000100010000010001000000000 0000000000000010000000000000000000000100011000000000000001 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11 1 1 0000101110001 100110000000000000000000000100000001001 00001111000000001 1 1 1 11000000000000 100000000000001 10000000000000001100000 0000100001 100000000000 1 11 1 11 1000001 0 100 00000001000000000010000000000001100100 1000000011 110000000000001 11 11 11 1 1110001100 110000011 1000 0000100110010001000000000000000 1011001101100 1111110000001 1 101 1 10 11010000000000001100000000100 01000010000110000001110010001 100000 1 1 110111 1111 11000000000000000000000000011100 000001 100000000001100000000111100001 111 1100111100000 1 1111 1 001000000000001 1000010010110 01000100100000000000011000000 000 11011 10001 11 101 1000100011001 11 1 10000000100 001 00000100000000010000001000000 1111 000 1110000 11 111 110001000000000011 1 1000000100 0111000000000010101100011110000011 111100011 110000011 00010011 1 10000111 1 1000000110 110000000000100000110100000000001 1 111 1011 11000000000 000001 1000000 11 00000011 11100000000000 00010001100000010 101 00001101 00001000000011000 10 0001 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0111 11110 11 11101 11 000 0 1 1000001100000000000001 101001100100111 10001000 11 1111 1 1 11 1 110000000 1000 111 10010000000000100010000 010011110000000010101 0101 11 111 1 1101 1 1 001 110000001111010000010000010001000101 011000000000011000100000000 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 00 11000001 111 11110000000110111001 00 00110000110000000001010 100 11 111 11 11 111 11 1 11 110011101100000000001111100000000000100111000 0 0000000000001111000101 1 110 10111 11 1111 1 001 0000100011000000000000000000000111 11000000000000001 0001 1100011100000000100111001 01 111 1000010110100100110111 00001001111111001111110000000000001 101 0001 00000000011000000010011100111 1 1010010000000011 1 1 100 1011000 1 100000000001000001 1000 01000000001110001010000000011 1 00000000000000011111111 00000000 1100000000000011000000000 00010001100001 000 0110011001 1 1 1 11 0000110000011000000 1000001 0000001100 1111 0110000 0101000000001000 00001000101 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1000000 100000000000100011000000001000000010 000100001 101 11 1001 000011 11 1111 11 1 1 100010001 10000000001100001100000000 00001 00000010001 100000 0001 11 1 11 1 111 11101 1 11111010001 101000011000000000000001001 00100000001111 10 11 10 10001 11 11 1 1 1110111 1011110000 10 110110000000000011111111000000 0000000000000001 0 00 10001 1 111 1 1 11001 1 10000100000000000000000110110 1000111010 110000 0 10001111 111 111 1 10001111 11 0 0000000000000000000001000 0110001000 01 1 10 1 10001 1 11 111111100001 11100100000000000000000000010011 01 1111100010001 1011 1 1101111 1100000011 110000000000000000001100000000 11 00100 10 00 001 10 1001 11 1 11101 111100110000000000000000110000110100010 000011010 1 011 01 1 0001001111111 10 111000100000000000001000000000110 101 1 1110110 0000 1 1 11 0011111 11 1100000000000000100000000000000 011 1 1 00011001 1000001 10001 1 1 1000000000000011000000000000000000010 001 00 100 00 1 00111 11 1 1 1111 111010000000000000000000111110000000 111 110001 10000000 11 10000111111 1111111 11001 11011000000000000000000000000011000000111 0011111001 01 1000001 1 1011111111111100000000000000011000000010001101 0100 0000001 10 1111 100000011 110011111100000000000000001100000000000000000000001 0010001010000111 100001 10001 1000000000000000000000000000000000000001001 00001 01000 1 0000000000000000000000000000001110000000000000001010 001 001 1 100000 00000000000000000000010011000000011100 1 00001 0010001000000000111000000011000111100 00 000000 011010000000000001000000000110011000 0 0000000 00000000000000001001100001110011 11 000000001 1 101 10000000000000000000001000001 0000010000 11 10 00000000001110110110000 1000 0000000000001 11 100000000000000001100 0 René Descartes (1596-1650) * translate any problem into a mathematical problem * transform any mathematical problem into a system of equations * translate any system of equations into one equation * solve this one equation (Carried through for geometry by analytical geometry) Mind-body separation _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Calculemus = Let's calculate 000111000001111111011100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000111100000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011000000000000110 100010000000000110000000000110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011100100000001110000 111000011111110011111000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001101000001100001100 100000000011000000101101000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000110000000000000000011000001011 000000000000000000000111100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000110000000000000000001000000000 000000000000000000000000011000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000 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11100000000000000000000000000000000000 0000010001100000000000000001 111 1111 1 11 1 111 1 11100000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000011000000000000000001 10011111111 00000000000000110000000000000000000000 000000001100000000000000001 11111111 10001000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000001 1101111111 100000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000111 1101111 111100100000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000100000000000111 1111011 1110111110000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000100000000000011 1 11 1 1 001 11111110100000000000000000000000000000000000000 001000000000001000000000000111 11 01 111 1 1110000000000100000000000000000000000000000000 101100000000001000000000000011111 11 101110001 1 111111111111100000000000000000000000000000000000 100000000000000000000000000011111 1 1 100000000 11111111100000100000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000001101 1 1 1 1001 1100000001 1 111111111111111100000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000111000000000000001001111 11 0000000000001 1 111 111111111111100000010000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000011 1 11 00001 11 11111 111 111111111100000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000111000000000000001111 1101 1011 11110111111 1 1111111111100000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000011010011001000000010001111 1000011 1111100000001 1111011101000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000011010011111000000000001 1 100000000001 1000000000000001 1111011111000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00001100000000000000000000000001 11 1110010011 11 111 10111111110011111000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000100000010000000011011001 111 11 100011 1101111111100011100000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000010111 1 1 11111100000000001111111 11111101111100000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0011000000000000000000000001000111 11 111 11000000001111 111111111111111111000100000000001000000000000000000000000000 00000110100000000000000000000001 1 1 11111110110001111111111111 1111001100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000001110000000000000000000000111 1 11 11111111 1111111100000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000 11111100000000000000000000000000000 11111 11110000000000001111100000000000000000000000000000000000000 000001000000000001000000000000000000011 111 1 11111000001111101011100000000000000000000001000000000000000 01111000000000011100000011110000001 1111 001111 1 1 11111100000000000111000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00001000000000001100001011000010001 000111 11 111 11111100000011000110011000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1000000000000000000000000000000000 11 110111010000000011000000111111111110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1000000001111100000000000000000000 1 1100100000000000001111111000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000100100000000010000001000000001 10100011001010000000000111000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000011110000001100000110000000 1000000000000000111110000000000000000111100000000000000000000000000000000000 000000001100000000000000000001 0001 10001111111100000000000100000000111100000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000110000000000000000000010000 1000000000000000000000000000001111000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0111111000000011000000000001100 0001 10000000001000000000100001 1100000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000001111000000000000000110000110000 110000000000000000000011100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000110111111 10 00001 11110000000000001 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) * Lingua characteristica universalis: Find a universal language which can be used to represent any problem * Calculus ratiocinator: Can solve any problem automatically (without dispute): Calculemus Interest linked to the development 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ZMMMMMaXX;;SSaZZaZaSX;iriXBMM0MMWB.,X2ZMM0a7a@MWB@W02SaZ8 2Z00S:,;i. .,;Si:.i2MMMBMMX ,SB8S :, ,;,.. : .ZMMMMM8a22Z08aaaZZ8WWMMMMMM:.;;88228BWaaBZ:rZ82Z080WB aZaaaXi.:77r;:XaX2a,,,r8MMZS@Ma . 778S ii ..,... . i. rMMMMMWWMMMMMMMMMMMMM 8 7BB8XiraSr;ri,7aSrXS2888 8MMMMMZaZB82X7Z2rr; ,@MWWMMMMMMM; .BMMB :r: .,. ZM@MBaS7200@MMW @ .7ri7XrXSr;;, :7aZ220Baa Z0aXSZW87ir;;rrr;, 2MMMMWMMB8MMMMMM: 2MMM iXSi. .. ., ,i:, , r BW7a77MMMMMMMM a0i :XSX;r7i XBBZXX8@WM@8B Z8aaaa8Z2a0@W8XS; :MM@@BWW00@@MMWMMMMMM7 2MM2 ,7SaS7i:i.., .:. . , , SMMZXrX@MMMMMWS iMMM2r72aaa2r7Z00WW8aSS2Z088 George Boole (1815-1864) * Foundations of propositional logic * Investigate the algebraic laws of logic, e.g.: A & A <-> A (i.e., A and A is the same as A) * purpose: "to collect ... some probable intimations concerning the nature and constitution of the human mind." (Boolean Algebra, Boolean values in computer science) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Special Reasoning Machines 010001000010000100000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000100000000100000000000000001000000000000100 1001 001 100 100 10011001 1001 001 00 110 101 101 00 00 01 0 11 0 01 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 11 11 1 11 11 1 01 001 001 00 0 100 00 1 1 10 010 10 1 1 10 1010 00 00 00 00 000010 01 00 1 0 00 1 11 00 10 0 110 0 0101 10 001 010 101 000 000 101 001 10 00 0 1 01 0 01 0 0 10 01 0 00 1 11 1 01 01 1 0 1 1 01 01 00 00 1 000 00 10 1 00 101 0 10 0 00 11 01 001 0 011 11 11 1 00 100 100 00 01 10 1 101 10 1 00 000 01 100 0 100111 00 00 00 011 001 1 11 111 10 01 11 00 10 00 01 10 10 01 0 10 0 11 01 0 0 1 11 0 1 11 0 11 1 1 1 1 0 10 00 10 00 1 01 0 00 10 01 01 00 101 100 000 00 01 01 10 01 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 11 111 111 111 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 101 010 1 11 01 01 0 00 0 11 1 11 0 01 0 11 01 00 00 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0111100 011 111 1 1111 10 01 10 10 1 0 10 11 01 0 01 10 0 10 11 00 01 0 11 0 00 01 0 11 1 00 1000011 10100 1000 10001 010100001 000 000 01100011011 001110 1 1 11 1 1 1 110 101 00 00 01 01 10 01 0 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 11 1 11 0 101 00 01 101 01 10 00 0 0 11 0 0 1 11 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 111 111 111 11 1 11 11 1 100111100 10 1100 011 101 10 000 00 0 11 11 1 1 10 11 10 1 1 111 01 10 11 01 01 1 11 1 1111 0 1 1111 10 10 0 100 01 00110011100 11 1 1 11 01 11 1 1 11 0 00 00 11 0 01 10 11 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 011000 100001000 1001100 1100100001101 000 0001101 00 1000 000 01 10011 00 100 1001 00110 101 1000 01 10 1 11 0 0 1 1 1 1 10 11 0 11 1 0 1 0 0 11 10 0 11 1 11 10 01 11 11 0 11 111 111 100 00011000000000010001 100010000 0001000001 0000001001001 1010101 0011 0011111110 11 1 1 1 0 10 01 10 11 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 11 11 1 0 01 0 10 01 11 0 0 11 11 1 1 1111000111 1 1 1 1 1 1 01 10 00 101 10 1001 00011 00 1001 0011000 100 1 01111 010 10011010 01 111 11111 0 1 1 11 1 1 0 11 1 1 11 11 01 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 010001000110011000 00 000 001 00 001 001110011100111011101111011101110011001 10111011 1111111111111111111111111 1 1 Earl Stanhope's Logic Demonstrator, 1777 * machine for solving syllogisms, numerical problems in in logical form, elementary questions of probability. 1 11 11 11 11 1101 11 11111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 111 1 1111111 1 11111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 1 1 0000101 01 01 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1011000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100100010000000010010010000010010110110110100100 00100100 1 101 11 001 111 11100 01 10111 1011011011011101000100100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1 11111001101100 1111 1 0 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 10 1 11 11 11 11 1111 11 11 0111111111 00110111 100 1 11 1 11111 10 10 101 1 11101 00 1 1 11 1 001110111101 1 11 1 111 01 11 11 11111110111 11111001111100 00011000 111 0 10 00111111 10 11 0111 101 11 001 0111100 111 11 1 01101101 01111100111 01 10 11111111101 111011 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1111111111111101 00001001 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000011111000000001 1110 1 1 11 1 11 111 11111111111 000010001100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011 100000000000000000101 1 1 1 1111111110111110 000010100110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1100 111 1111111111111111111110100 0000100100 0110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000111 111 101 11111 1 111111101110100100 0000101000010 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000111 1 1 11 1 111011111111100111100 00001001010001 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000111 111000 1 1 1 1111111111111100111011100 00010110001100011000000000000000000000000000000000001 111 1 1100010 1 111 1 1 1 11 1111 1 011111111101100 000010101011100001110000000000000000000000000000000000000011 1 1 1111111111101011111111101000 00000101100011111110110000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 1 01 1 1 111111111111111111100001101000 0000001011110001011110 11000000000000000000000000000000000000011111110111 1000000001 11111110100010010000000010101010 0000010101111000101111011 000000000000000000000000000000000000001100001 00000000000000111 1111111111110010110000000000 00000010001011010110101110 00000000000000000000000000001 100000000000 00000000000000000000011111100110000010000000000100 000000100000011011111111111 11100000000000000000001 00000000000000000000000011110111001000000000000000 00000000100000000101111110111011000000000001 100000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000 Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) * Paradoxes, types, principia mathematica _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Strength and Limitations of Classical Logic 111 11111 11 111 1 11 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 11 11 111111 111 1 1 11 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 11111 11 11 11 1 11 1 1 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 1 11 1 1111 10001 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11111111111111111 111111111 10001 111 111001010111111111111111111111111 1 1 1111111011100011111111111111111111 11111111 100000 1111111110000001111111110111111111111111 111111100000111111111111111111111 111 111 100000 111 1 11000000000101111111 11 1 11 1 111110110001 11111111111111111111 11 11 1000000 111 11 10110000000000010000111111 11111111100001 11111111111111111111 11111 10000000 111 11 11101000000000000011111111111 11 11 11 1 111000000001 11111111111111111111111 11 1000000001 11 1 110110100000000000000011111 11111 11111111111 11 11100000000 11111111111111111111111111 1 100000000000 11 11 11 1111011000000000000000000000000000000000000011000000001 111111111111111111111111111 00000000000000 11111 1111111111110000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 11111111111111111111111111111 000000000000000 1 1 1111110110110000000100100000000000000000000000000001 111111111111111111111111111111 10000000000000000 111 11111111111000000000000000000000000000000000000001 11111 11 11111111111111111111 0000000000000000000 111111111111111000000000000000000000000000000000001 000000000000111111111111111001111 00000000000000000000 11111111111100110000000000000000000000000001011 0000000000000000000111111111111111 0000000000000000000001 11111111100000000000000000000000001111111 10000000000000000000000000011111111 00000000000000000000000 111111111111110000000000011011111111111 100000000000000000000000000000001111 000000000000000000000000 11111 1111111111111111111111111111111000000000000000000000000000000000001 00000000000000000000000000 101111111111111111111111111111000 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000 110001111111111111111111111101 00000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000001 111111111111111111111111 00000000000000000000000000000000000 Kurt Gödel (1906-1978) * Completeness of first-order logic, that is, any reasoning whether something is a logical consequence of something else can be mechanised in this powerful reasoning system * Incompleteness of sufficiently rich logic, there are truths which do not have a finite proof _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Modern Computers 1000000000000000000001 11000000000000000000000000000000001 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1001 11110000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 100001 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 100000011000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 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11111100000000000000000001 00000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000001 1 11101100000010000000000000000000000011 000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000001 1111000000000000000000000011 1000000000000000000000000000 John von Neumann (1903-1957) * von Neumann architecture: give a description that is independent from the particular realisation of a computer _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Role of Logic * McCarthy: The relationship between computation and math. logic will be as fruitful as that between physics and analysis * Logic as powerful knowledge representation formalism * Logical reasoning as a model for human reasoning * Mechanisation of reasoning by logical rules * Extensions to logic necessary for adequate reasoning: + probabilistic reasoning + fuzziness + non-monotonicity (revision of judgements) + non-deductive reasoning (analogy, induction, abduction) symbolic representation of knowledge _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Brain science - Neuroscience * Brain (vs heart) as seat of the soul and the mind * Understand the function of the brain + ventricle theory (ventricles = empty parts of the brain do the job) + brain as a big gland + phrenology (which part does what) + understand brain as a highly connected set of neurons, 10^10 neurons with each 100 connections on average + neuron as a digital entity which either does or does not fire depending whether an activation threshold is exceeded or not _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Brain science - Neuroscience (Cont'd) aMM7r:2 ,.MMMSB M@;S ;M MW i .i M ;MM i. 8MrM , M7MM X. 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0000000000000000000000000000000 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) * Founder of psychoanalysis * Try to understand the psyche * Try to understand motivations as well as anomalies of human behaviour/human mind/human soul (clues to mental activity/conflicts) * The conscious vs the unconscious * Psychoanalysis Relationship between psychology - cognitive science - artificial intelligence _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Darwinism MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM@@MMMMMM@M@@@@MMMMMMMMMMMMMM@@MMMMMMMMM@@@MMMMM@MMMMMMM@MMM@@MMMMM@MM@MMMMM@@@@@@@MMMMM@M@MMMMMMMMM@ MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM@@@MMMMMMM@M@WWWW@@@MM@@@@@MMMMMWMM@MMMMMMMMMMMMMMM@M@@MMMMMM@W@M@ MMMMMMMMMMMMMMM@MM@@@M@MM@@MM@@W@WMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM@@W@M@W@MM@@MW@@@@M@W@M@@M@MMMMMMM@MMMMMM@MM@@@MMMM@M@MMMMMM @@@@@@MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM@MM@MMMMMMMB;. 7BMMMMMMMW@M@@MM@@MM@@@@@@@M@W@M@@@@@@MMMMMMMMM@MMMMMMMM@M@MM@M@@ MMMMMM@WW@MMMMMM@@MMM@MMM@MMMMMMZ7: 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W8MMMM MM@@MM@MMMMM@@@MMMM@@@B@MMMM00MMMMZWMMM:i2W02WW0SXXX;:;:iii;:.,:,.:,. .: .i. ..,.. .;rSriX:i.i.,ii.iXi.:;:i i:aMMM @W@MMM@MMMMM@W@M@MMMM@@MMMM@0@MMMM08MMMM0i70BB0B0SXSXi:.r; ::,,,.. ..,:,i:.,i,,:.,... ,. ,7i 77;BS:i;. .,,.. , . i0M MMM@@MMM@M@MMW@M@WMM@@@W@@BBMMM@MMMM@BWMMMa7SaZWBrXX2aSrX; ,,. .. :i:i. : .. .:,... ri. rX.ii;; ,i:. .:.i.. :r:@ @@M@MMMMMM@MM@@@MM@@@@MMWW0MMMMMMMMMM@W@8MM0 ;WM8r..,i;7X;,,:. ... ,. ,,,...;i. ::i:...:i:, ::. iX7SXr;,.:.: .:Z2@ @@MM@MM@MM@@MMM@W@@@@@@@WM@MM@MMMM@M@WMM@@MMMX raaMM7ri,:....:,..... .:,,.. .,, .::... .iri ,:;:iXS;i;:., .. i2W @MMWMMM@MM@MMMMMW@MM@@@@WW8WM@M@@M@MMMM@B@MMMMa i22;i riii. .,. .,,::,..:i:. ,. ,ri . .:::: :i;i,.. ::,,,,:,.: 8 @M@@MM@@@MMM@MMMWW@@@MM@8@W@@@@MM@@@MM@WM@W@MMMM@ .rri.rXX2Xi. ,i:......i,:;::.i:: .: ., . :, :X; ,,,:iiii, ,. ..: 7 @@@@WMMMMMM@@MMMMMWWWWMWMW@BM@WWWMM@MMM@@@W@@MMMMM0 rS82;i7rr7i,,. ..,,:,;;ii:i,;;;. ii ...i :7;i;i. :iii:,,:.,.., r MMMM@W@MMM@MMMMMMMW@@WWW@B@M@MMMWM@W@@@@@@W@M@MMMMMr: .,.:7, .:;i,,..,,,.,,:;::.i:i:.;,.. i. ,:, ;:,ii. :i,..,..:::,iXM WW@@@@@WW@@M@@@MMM@MMWMM@@WBM@@W@MMMMMM@M@@@@MM@@@MMM827X;;;i:,,:::,:,,,,.:,,:iir,,::i7rii;;,:,..,:.,. ,:. .,,.,,i,:;:.B Charles Darwin (1809-1882) * "On the origin of species by means of natural selection" * different species develop by natural selection * cross-over and random mutation * survival of the fittest (only the fit ones mate and reproduce) What does it mean to be "fittest"? Gives raise to evolutionary computation (rather than programming, breed programs) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Summary * Different origins of AI: philosophy, logic, computation, psychology, biology * In this module we follow mainly the logical/computational origins: symbolic representation of knowledge Reading books-shelf1.jpg] * Introduction chapters in the AI books * The story of Cybernetics, Maurice Trask, Studio Vista, 1971. * Minds, Brains & Computers, edited by R. Morelli et al., Ablex Publ., 1992. * Gehirn, Bewusstsein und Erkenntnis, E. Oeser, Franz Seitelberger, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1988. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ © Manfred Kerber, 2004, Introduction to AI 22.12.2004 The URL of this page is http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~mmk/Teaching/AI/Teaching/AI/l1.html. URL of module [1]http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~mmk/Teaching/AI/ References 1. http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~mmk/Teaching/AI/